مصنوعی ذہانت، اخلاقی فیصلہ سازی اور اسلامی تصورِ ذمہ داری

Artificial Intelligence, Ethical Decision Making and the Islamic Concept of Responsibility

Abstract

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has moved beyond the domain of technical experimentation and has become an important component of decision-making in education, healthcare, business, governance, communication and religious information services. The increasing reliance on AI systems, however, raises a fundamental ethical question: when an automated system produces a decision that affects human life, dignity, rights or interests, who should bear moral responsibility for that decision? This question becomes particularly significant from the perspective of Islamic ethics, where responsibility is closely connected with human agency, intention, trust, accountability and the consequences of action.

This study examines the relationship between artificial intelligence, ethical decision-making and the Islamic concept of responsibility through a normative and analytical approach. It argues that AI should not be treated as an independent moral subject in the Islamic sense of taklif. Rather, moral responsibility remains attached to human beings and institutions that design, train, deploy, supervise and use AI systems. The Qur’anic concepts of khilafah, amanah, ‘adl, verification, human dignity and accountability provide a substantial ethical foundation for evaluating AI applications. The study further examines contemporary issues such as algorithmic bias, privacy, misinformation, deepfakes, excessive automation and the use of AI in religious guidance. It concludes that Islamic ethics does not require rejection of AI; instead, it requires that technological development remain subject to moral limits, human oversight, public benefit and accountability before Allah. The study proposes an Islamic ethical framework based on amanah, justice, avoidance of harm, verification, preservation of human dignity and responsible human oversight.